TY - JOUR
T1 - Retinoid X receptor ligands
T2 - A patent review (2007-2013)
AU - Yamada, Shoya
AU - Kakuta, Hiroki
N1 - Funding Information:
The authors thank the Okayama Medical Foundation and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science for financial support. The authors declare no other conflicts of interest.
PY - 2014/4
Y1 - 2014/4
N2 - Introduction: Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) are nuclear receptors that act as ligand-dependent transcription factors. RXRs function as homodimers or as heterodimers with other nuclear receptors, such as retinoic acid receptors, PPARs, liver X receptors, farnesoid X receptor, vitamin D receptor or thyroid hormone receptors. RXR ligands (agonists or antagonists) show various physiological effects, depending on their partner receptors. RXR agonist bexarotene (Targretin®) is used for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in clinical practice. RXR agonists were also reported to be useful for treatment of type 2 diabetes, autoimmune disease and Alzheimer's disease. RXR antagonists were also reported to be effective in type 2 diabetes treatment. Areas covered: Here patent applications (2007-2013) concerning RXR ligands are summarized, and the usefulness of RXR ligands as pharmaceutical agents is discussed. Expert opinion: RXR agonists show a wide variety of biological effects. However, they cause serious side effects, such as blood triglyceride elevation, hypothyroidism and others. Thus, for clinical application of RXR agonists, abrogation of these side effects is required. RXR heterodimer- selective agonists and RXR partial agonists exhibiting desired effects without side effects are expected to find clinical application.
AB - Introduction: Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) are nuclear receptors that act as ligand-dependent transcription factors. RXRs function as homodimers or as heterodimers with other nuclear receptors, such as retinoic acid receptors, PPARs, liver X receptors, farnesoid X receptor, vitamin D receptor or thyroid hormone receptors. RXR ligands (agonists or antagonists) show various physiological effects, depending on their partner receptors. RXR agonist bexarotene (Targretin®) is used for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in clinical practice. RXR agonists were also reported to be useful for treatment of type 2 diabetes, autoimmune disease and Alzheimer's disease. RXR antagonists were also reported to be effective in type 2 diabetes treatment. Areas covered: Here patent applications (2007-2013) concerning RXR ligands are summarized, and the usefulness of RXR ligands as pharmaceutical agents is discussed. Expert opinion: RXR agonists show a wide variety of biological effects. However, they cause serious side effects, such as blood triglyceride elevation, hypothyroidism and others. Thus, for clinical application of RXR agonists, abrogation of these side effects is required. RXR heterodimer- selective agonists and RXR partial agonists exhibiting desired effects without side effects are expected to find clinical application.
KW - Alzheimer's disease
KW - Atherosclerosis
KW - Cancer
KW - Diabetes
KW - Permissive mechanism
KW - Retinoid X receptor heterodimers
KW - Retinoid X receptors
KW - Revival drug discovery
KW - Rexinoids
KW - Western-style Chinese medicine
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U2 - 10.1517/13543776.2014.880692
DO - 10.1517/13543776.2014.880692
M3 - Review article
C2 - 24456080
AN - SCOPUS:84896462023
VL - 24
SP - 443
EP - 452
JO - Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents
JF - Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents
SN - 1354-3776
IS - 4
ER -