TY - JOUR
T1 - Metabolic pathway of xenoestrogenic short ethoxy chain-nonylphenol to nonylphenol by aerobic bacteria, Ensifer sp. strain AS08 and Pseudomonas sp. strain AS90
AU - Liu, Xin
AU - Tani, Akio
AU - Kimbara, Kazuhide
AU - Kawai, Fusako
N1 - Funding Information:
Acknowledgements We are grateful to Dr. M. Hatta, Okayama University of Science, and to Mr. Y. Haba for their help with the GC– MS measurement. This work was partly supported by the Research Grant for Encouragement of Studies to F. K. and X. L. from the Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University. We appreciate the review of the manuscript prior to submission by KN International.
PY - 2006/9
Y1 - 2006/9
N2 - Ensifer sp. strain AS08 and Pseudomonas sp. strain AS90 degrading short ethoxy (EO) chain-nonylphenol (NP) [NPEOav2.0 containing NP mono- ∼ tetraethoxylates (NP1EO ∼ NP4EO); average 2.0 EO units] were isolated by enrichment cultures. Both strains grew on NP but not on octyl- and nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEOs) (average 10 EO units). Growth and degradation of NPEOav2.0 was increased with increased concentrations of yeast extract (0.02-0.5%) in a culture medium. Culture supernatants of both strains grown on NPEOav2.0 were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, showing degradation of NP4EO-NP1EO. The metabolites from nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO) by resting cells of both strains were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as nonylphenoxyethoxyacetic acid, NP1EO, nonylphenoxyacetic acid (NP1EC), and NP, while those from NP1EO were identified as NP1EC and NP. Cell-free extracts from strain AS08 grown on NPEOav2.0 dehydrogenated NPEOs, NPEOav2.0, NP2EO, NP1EO, and PEG 400, but the extracts were inactive toward di- ∼ tetraethylene glycol. Aldehydes were formed in the reaction mixture of each substrate with cell-free extracts. From these results, the aerobic metabolic pathway for short EO chain-NP is proposed: A terminal alcohol group of the EO chain is oxidized to a carboxylic acid via an aldehyde, and then one EO unit is removed. This process is repeated until NP is produced.
AB - Ensifer sp. strain AS08 and Pseudomonas sp. strain AS90 degrading short ethoxy (EO) chain-nonylphenol (NP) [NPEOav2.0 containing NP mono- ∼ tetraethoxylates (NP1EO ∼ NP4EO); average 2.0 EO units] were isolated by enrichment cultures. Both strains grew on NP but not on octyl- and nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEOs) (average 10 EO units). Growth and degradation of NPEOav2.0 was increased with increased concentrations of yeast extract (0.02-0.5%) in a culture medium. Culture supernatants of both strains grown on NPEOav2.0 were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography, showing degradation of NP4EO-NP1EO. The metabolites from nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO) by resting cells of both strains were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as nonylphenoxyethoxyacetic acid, NP1EO, nonylphenoxyacetic acid (NP1EC), and NP, while those from NP1EO were identified as NP1EC and NP. Cell-free extracts from strain AS08 grown on NPEOav2.0 dehydrogenated NPEOs, NPEOav2.0, NP2EO, NP1EO, and PEG 400, but the extracts were inactive toward di- ∼ tetraethylene glycol. Aldehydes were formed in the reaction mixture of each substrate with cell-free extracts. From these results, the aerobic metabolic pathway for short EO chain-NP is proposed: A terminal alcohol group of the EO chain is oxidized to a carboxylic acid via an aldehyde, and then one EO unit is removed. This process is repeated until NP is produced.
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U2 - 10.1088/1742-6596/34/1/091
DO - 10.1088/1742-6596/34/1/091
M3 - Article
C2 - 16528514
AN - SCOPUS:33747669508
VL - 72
SP - 552
EP - 559
JO - Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
JF - Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
SN - 0175-7598
IS - 3
ER -