TY - JOUR
T1 - Hyperinnervation improves Xenopus laevis limb regeneration
AU - Mitogawa, Kazumasa
AU - Makanae, Aki
AU - Satoh, Akira
N1 - Funding Information:
We thank Dr. Ayano Satoh (Okayama University) for providing some materials and for constructive discussions. This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Numbers JP15J07688 (to KM), JP15K14560 (to AS), and JP26711015 (to AS).
Publisher Copyright:
© 2017 The Authors
PY - 2018/1/15
Y1 - 2018/1/15
N2 - Xenopus laevis (an anuran amphibian) shows limb regeneration ability between that of urodele amphibians and that of amniotes. Xenopus frogs can initiate limb regeneration but fail to form patterned limbs. Regenerated limbs mainly consist of cone-shaped cartilage without any joints or branches. These pattern defects are thought to be caused by loss of proper expressions of patterning-related genes. This study shows that hyperinnervation surgery resulted in the induction of a branching regenerate. The hyperinnervated blastema allows the identification and functional analysis of the molecules controlling this patterning of limb regeneration. This paper focuses on the nerve affects to improve Xenopus limb patterning ability during regeneration. The nerve molecules, which regulate limb patterning, were also investigated. Blastemas grown in a hyperinnervated forelimb upregulate limb patterning-related genes (shh, lmx1b, and hoxa13). Nerves projecting their axons to limbs express some growth factors (bmp7, fgf2, fgf8, and shh). Inputs of these factors to a blastema upregulated some limb patterning-related genes and resulted in changes in the cartilage patterns in the regenerates. These results indicate that additional nerve factors enhance Xenopus limb patterning-related gene expressions and limb regeneration ability, and that bmp, fgf, and shh are candidate nerve substitute factors.
AB - Xenopus laevis (an anuran amphibian) shows limb regeneration ability between that of urodele amphibians and that of amniotes. Xenopus frogs can initiate limb regeneration but fail to form patterned limbs. Regenerated limbs mainly consist of cone-shaped cartilage without any joints or branches. These pattern defects are thought to be caused by loss of proper expressions of patterning-related genes. This study shows that hyperinnervation surgery resulted in the induction of a branching regenerate. The hyperinnervated blastema allows the identification and functional analysis of the molecules controlling this patterning of limb regeneration. This paper focuses on the nerve affects to improve Xenopus limb patterning ability during regeneration. The nerve molecules, which regulate limb patterning, were also investigated. Blastemas grown in a hyperinnervated forelimb upregulate limb patterning-related genes (shh, lmx1b, and hoxa13). Nerves projecting their axons to limbs express some growth factors (bmp7, fgf2, fgf8, and shh). Inputs of these factors to a blastema upregulated some limb patterning-related genes and resulted in changes in the cartilage patterns in the regenerates. These results indicate that additional nerve factors enhance Xenopus limb patterning-related gene expressions and limb regeneration ability, and that bmp, fgf, and shh are candidate nerve substitute factors.
KW - Amphibian
KW - Blastema
KW - Limb regeneration
KW - Nerve
KW - Xenopus laevis
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U2 - 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.10.007
DO - 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.10.007
M3 - Article
C2 - 29291977
AN - SCOPUS:85039709483
VL - 433
SP - 276
EP - 286
JO - Developmental Biology
JF - Developmental Biology
SN - 0012-1606
IS - 2
ER -