Growth behavior of giant vesicles using the electroformation method: Effect of proteins on swelling and deformation

The growth of giant vesicles (GVs) can be considered as a consecutive process of swelling/detachment/deformation, which is a response of lipid membranes on solid surfaces to the solvent and environmental factors such as temperature and ionic strength. The electroformation method allows to visualize the responses to such factors. The additive effect of the protein on the growth of GVs, composed of zwitterionic phospholipids, was herein investigated using the electroformation method. Proteins denatured by a pH-shift (to be in the Molten Globule state) perturbed the lipid membranes, resulting in the acceleration of GV growth. The GVs detached from the electrode showed deformation close to a stomatocyte. It was revealed that common factor for the response of lipid membranes was the variation of the apparent area elastic modulus associated with the interaction between proteins and lipid membranes. The present finding affords better understanding about the response of lipid membranes on solid surfaces under a variety of environment factors.