Effect of laser irradiation on generation and growth of whiskers in tin-electroplated film

Physics & Astronomy

• tin 62%
• irradiation 42%
• copper 31%
• lasers 29%
• residual stress 20%
• nonuniformity 11%
• stress distribution 10%
• intermetallics 9%
• coverings 9%
• semiconductor lasers 8%
• scanning electron microscopy 7%
• diffraction 5%
• x rays 5%

Engineering & Materials Science

• Tin 77%
• Copper 36%
• Residual stresses 19%
• Semiconductor lasers 13%
• Intermetallics 11%
• X ray diffraction 10%
• Scanning electron microscopy 8%
• Substrates 7%

Chemical Compounds

• Liquid Film 32%
• Residual Stress 29%
• Intermetallic Compound 11%
• X-Ray Diffraction Method 11%
• Scanning Electron Microscopy 6%