Abstract
Evidence linking air pollution with adverse cardiopulmonary outcomes is accumulating. However, few studies have been conducted to evaluate whether vehicle emission control improves public health. We thus evaluated the effect of a diesel emission control law on mortality rates in 23 wards of Tokyo metropolitan area, Japan. We obtained daily counts of mortality and concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) and particulate matter less than 2.5μm in diameter (PM 2.5) from April 2003 to December 2008. Time-series and interrupted time-series analysis were employed to analyze the data in two periods: prior to the introduction of tighter restrictions (April 2003 to March 2006) and after the enforcement (April 2006 to December 2008). Concentrations of air pollutants gradually decreased during the study period: from 36.3ppb (NO 2) and 22.8μg/m 3 (PM 2.5) to 32.1ppb and 20.3μg/m 3, respectively. Air pollutants were positively associated with circulatory and pulmonary disease mortality, especially cerebrovascular disease. Each same-dayPM 2.5 increase of 10μg/m 3 was associated with a 1.3% increase in cerebrovascular mortality rate (95% confidence interval: 0.2-2.4). Rate ratios were attenuated after the enforcement in most of the outcomes, probably due to reduced toxicity of the pollutants. In the crude interrupted time-series analysis, reductions of standardized mortality rates after the enforcement were the greatest in high traffic areas. Even after adjustment of longer-time trend, mortality rate from cerebrovascular disease was reduced by 8.50% (p
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Pages (from-to) | 3620-3627 |
| Number of pages | 8 |
| Journal | Science of the Total Environment |
| Volume | 409 |
| Issue number | 19 |
| DOIs | |
| Publication status | Published - Sep 1 2011 |
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Keywords
- Air pollution
- Improved air quality
- Mortality
- Nitrogen dioxide
- Particulate matter
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Environmental Chemistry
- Pollution
- Waste Management and Disposal
- Environmental Engineering
Cite this
Diesel vehicle emission and death rates in Tokyo, Japan : A natural experiment. / Yorifuji, Takashi; Kawachi, Ichiro; Kaneda, Mariko; Takao, Soshi; Kashima, Saori; Doi, Hiroyuki.
In: Science of the Total Environment, Vol. 409, No. 19, 01.09.2011, p. 3620-3627.Research output: Contribution to journal › Article
}
TY - JOUR
T1 - Diesel vehicle emission and death rates in Tokyo, Japan
T2 - A natural experiment
AU - Yorifuji, Takashi
AU - Kawachi, Ichiro
AU - Kaneda, Mariko
AU - Takao, Soshi
AU - Kashima, Saori
AU - Doi, Hiroyuki
PY - 2011/9/1
Y1 - 2011/9/1
N2 - Evidence linking air pollution with adverse cardiopulmonary outcomes is accumulating. However, few studies have been conducted to evaluate whether vehicle emission control improves public health. We thus evaluated the effect of a diesel emission control law on mortality rates in 23 wards of Tokyo metropolitan area, Japan. We obtained daily counts of mortality and concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) and particulate matter less than 2.5μm in diameter (PM 2.5) from April 2003 to December 2008. Time-series and interrupted time-series analysis were employed to analyze the data in two periods: prior to the introduction of tighter restrictions (April 2003 to March 2006) and after the enforcement (April 2006 to December 2008). Concentrations of air pollutants gradually decreased during the study period: from 36.3ppb (NO 2) and 22.8μg/m 3 (PM 2.5) to 32.1ppb and 20.3μg/m 3, respectively. Air pollutants were positively associated with circulatory and pulmonary disease mortality, especially cerebrovascular disease. Each same-dayPM 2.5 increase of 10μg/m 3 was associated with a 1.3% increase in cerebrovascular mortality rate (95% confidence interval: 0.2-2.4). Rate ratios were attenuated after the enforcement in most of the outcomes, probably due to reduced toxicity of the pollutants. In the crude interrupted time-series analysis, reductions of standardized mortality rates after the enforcement were the greatest in high traffic areas. Even after adjustment of longer-time trend, mortality rate from cerebrovascular disease was reduced by 8.50% (p
AB - Evidence linking air pollution with adverse cardiopulmonary outcomes is accumulating. However, few studies have been conducted to evaluate whether vehicle emission control improves public health. We thus evaluated the effect of a diesel emission control law on mortality rates in 23 wards of Tokyo metropolitan area, Japan. We obtained daily counts of mortality and concentrations of nitrogen dioxide (NO 2) and particulate matter less than 2.5μm in diameter (PM 2.5) from April 2003 to December 2008. Time-series and interrupted time-series analysis were employed to analyze the data in two periods: prior to the introduction of tighter restrictions (April 2003 to March 2006) and after the enforcement (April 2006 to December 2008). Concentrations of air pollutants gradually decreased during the study period: from 36.3ppb (NO 2) and 22.8μg/m 3 (PM 2.5) to 32.1ppb and 20.3μg/m 3, respectively. Air pollutants were positively associated with circulatory and pulmonary disease mortality, especially cerebrovascular disease. Each same-dayPM 2.5 increase of 10μg/m 3 was associated with a 1.3% increase in cerebrovascular mortality rate (95% confidence interval: 0.2-2.4). Rate ratios were attenuated after the enforcement in most of the outcomes, probably due to reduced toxicity of the pollutants. In the crude interrupted time-series analysis, reductions of standardized mortality rates after the enforcement were the greatest in high traffic areas. Even after adjustment of longer-time trend, mortality rate from cerebrovascular disease was reduced by 8.50% (p
KW - Air pollution
KW - Improved air quality
KW - Mortality
KW - Nitrogen dioxide
KW - Particulate matter
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=80051793317&partnerID=8YFLogxK
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=80051793317&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.06.002
DO - 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.06.002
M3 - Article
C2 - 21703665
AN - SCOPUS:80051793317
VL - 409
SP - 3620
EP - 3627
JO - Science of the Total Environment
JF - Science of the Total Environment
SN - 0048-9697
IS - 19
ER -