A novel electron paramagnetic resonance approach to determine the mechanism of drug transport by P-glycoprotein

ATP-driven pumping of a variety of drugs out of cells by the human P-glycoprotein poses a serious problem to medical therapy. High level heterologous expression of human P-glycoprotein, in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has facilitated biophysical studies in purified proteoliposome preparations. Membrane permeability of transported drugs and consequent lack of an experimentally defined drug position have made resolution of the transport mechanism difficult by classical techniques. To overcome these obstacles we devised a novel EPR spin-labeled verapamil for use as a transport substrate. Spin-labeled verapamil was an excellent transport substrate with apparent turnover number, K_m and K_i values of 5.8 s^-1 4 μM, and 210 μM, respectively, at pH 7.4 and 37 °C. The apparent affinities were ∼10-fold higher than for unlabeled verapamil. Spin-labeled verapamil stimulated ATPase activity ∼5-fold, was relatively hydrophilic, and had a very low flip-flop rate, making it an ideal transport substrate. The K_m for MgATP activation of transport was 0.8 mM. By measuring the mobility of spin-labeled verapamil during transport experiments, we were able to resolve the location of the drug in proteoliposome suspensions. Steady state gradients of spin-labeled verapamil within the range of K_i/K_m ratios were observed.